打开主菜单

早鸟科技-区块链百科|数字货币大全 β

更改

ETH

添加37,334字节，2018年9月15日 (六) 09:28
无编辑摘要
info@ethereum.org
 
{{NoteTA|G1=IT}}
{{Infobox software
| title = 以太坊(以太幣)
| logo = Ethereum logo 2014.svg
| logo size = 75px
| logo caption = 以太坊
| screenshot =
| caption =
| collapsible =
| author = [[維塔利克·布特林]]、Gavin Wood
| developer = Gavin Wood、Jeffrey Wilcke、維塔利克·布特林等
| released = 2015年7月30日
| discontinued =
| status =
| programming language = C++、Go、JavaScript、Python、Java、node.js
| operating system = [[Linux]], [[Windows]], [[OS X]], [[POSIX]]（客户端）
| platform =
| size =
| genre = [[去中心化计算]]
| license = 多种[[开源许可证]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.ethereum.org/}}
| frequently updated =
}}
 
'''以太坊'''（{{lang-en|Ethereum}}）是一个[[開源]]的有[[智能合约]]功能的公共[[区块链]]平台<ref name="Gray-2014-04-07">{{cite news|last=Gray|first=Jeff|work=The Globe and Mail|publisher=Phillip Crawley|date=2014-04-07|title=Bitcoin believers: Why digital currency backers are keeping the faith|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/currencies/bitcoin-believers-why-digital-currency-backers-are-keeping-the-faith/article17840246/?page=all|accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref><ref name="Vigna-28-Oct-2015">{{cite web|first1=Paul|last1=Vigna |date=2015-10-28 |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/28/bitbeat-microsoft-to-offer-ethereum-based-services-on-azure/ |title=BitBeat: Microsoft to Offer Ethereum-Based Services on Azure |website= The Wall Street Journal|publisher=News Corp |type=Blog|accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>。通过其專用[[加密货币]][[以太币]]（Ether，又稱「以太幣」）提供[[去中心化]]的[[虚拟机]]（稱為「以太虛擬機」Ethereum Virtual Machine）来处理[[点对点]]合约。
 
以太坊的概念首次在2013至2014年间由程序员[[維塔利克·布特林]]受比特币启发后提出，大意为“下一代加密货币与去中心化应用平台”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/ethereum-next-generation-cryptocurrency-decentralized-application-platform-1390528211|title=A Next-Generation Cryptocurrency and Decentralized Application Platform|website=Bitcoin Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-06}}</ref>，在2014年透過[[首次代币发售|ICO众筹]]得以開始發展<ref name="forbes20160423"/>。
 
截至2018年6月，以太幣是市值第二高的加密貨幣，僅次於[[比特币]]<ref name=vox20160524>
{{cite news |last=Lee|first=Timothy B.<!-- a Sr. Correspondent for Vox, covering technology; not to be confused with Tim Berners Lee --> |url=http://www.vox.com/2016/5/24/11718436/ethereum-the-dao-bitcoin |title=Ethereum, explained: why Bitcoin's stranger cousin is now worth $1 billion |work=Vox |date=2016-05-24 |accessdate=2016-05-25 }}</ref>。
 
==特點==
相較於較大多數其他加密貨幣或區塊鏈技術，以太坊的特點包括下列：
* [[智能合約]]（smart contract）：儲存在區塊鏈上的程式，由各節點執行，需要執行程式的人支付手續費給節點的礦工或權益人。<ref name=features>{{cite news|script-title=en:Coinbase Co-Founder: “Ethereum Is Ahead of Bitcoin in Many Ways”|author=Lester Coleman|date=2016-05-25|access-date=2016-01-10|publisher=Cryptocoins News|url=https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/coinbase-co-founder-ethereum-is-ahead-of-bitcoin-in-many-ways/ }}</ref>
* 代幣（tokens）：智能合約可以創造代幣供分散式應用程式使用。分散式應用程式的代幣化讓使用者、投資者以及管理者的利益一致。代幣也可以用來進行[[首次代幣發行]]。
* 叔塊（uncle block）：將因為速度較慢而未及時被收入母鏈的較短區塊鏈併入，以提升交易量。使用的是[[有向無環圖]]的相關技術。<ref name=features/>
* [[权益證明]]（proof-of-stake）：相較於工作量證明更有效率，可節省大量在挖礦時浪費的電腦資源，並避免[[特殊應用積體電路]]造成網路中心化。（測試中）<ref name=features/>
* 支鏈（Plasma）：用較小的分支區塊鏈運算，只將最後結果寫入主鏈，可提升供單位時間的工作量。（尚未實作）
* 狀態通道（state channels）：原理類似比特幣的閃雷網路，可提升交易速度、降低區塊鏈的負擔，並提高可擴展性。尚未實作，開發團隊包括雷電網路（Raiden Network）和流動性網路（Liquidity Network）。<ref name=features/>
* 分片（sharding）：減少每個節點所需紀錄的資料量，並透過平行運算提升效率（尚未實作）。
 
==歷史==
 
=== 起源 ===
以太坊最初由 Vitalik Buterin 在2013年提出<ref>https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper</ref>。Vitalik 本是一名參與比特幣社群的程式設計師，曾向比特幣核心開發人員主張比特幣平臺應該要有個更完善的程式語言讓人開發程式，但未得到他們的同意，因此決定開發一個新的平臺作此用途<ref name=tapscott201605>{{cite book |last=Tapscott|first1=Don |last2=Tapscott|first2=Alex |title=The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World |date=May 2016 |isbn=978-0670069972 |accessdate=2016-08-31 }}</ref>{{rp|88}}。Buterin 認為很多程式都可以用類似比特幣的原理來達成進一步的發展<ref name="Finley-27-Jan-2014">{{cite web|last=Finley|first=Klint|url=http://www.wired.com/2014/01/ethereum/|title=Out in the Open: Teenage Hacker Transforms Web Into One Giant Bitcoin Network|website=Wired|date=2014-01-27|accessdate=2016-03-21}}</ref>。Buterin 在2013年寫下了《以太坊白皮書》，說明了建造去中心化程式的目標<ref name="Finley-27-Jan-2014"/><ref name="Schneider-2014-04-07">{{cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/4/7/code-your-own-utopiameetethereumbitcoinasmostambitioussuccessor.html|title=Code your own utopia: Meet Ethereum, bitcoin's most ambitious successor|date=2014-04-07|publisher=Al Jazeera|last1=Schneider|first1=Nathan|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref>。然後2014年透過網路公開募資得到開發的資金，投資人用比特幣向基金會購買以太幣<ref name="forbes20160423">{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/rogeraitken/2016/04/23/digital-gold-done-right-with-digixdao-crypto-trading-on-openledger/|title=Digital Gold 'Done Right' With DigixDAO Crypto-Trading On OpenLedger|last=Aitken|first=Roger|date=2016-04-23|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=2016-04-28}}</ref>。
 
最初以太坊程式是由一間位在瑞士的公司 Ethereum Switzerland GmbH 開發<ref name=et20140510>
{{cite news |last=Schmid|first=Valentin |url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/668104-the-entrepreneur-joe-lubin-coo-of-ethereum/ |title=The Entrepreneur: Joe Lubin, COO of Ethereum |work=Epoch Times |date=2014-05-10 |accessdate=2016-03-31 }}</ref><ref name=bloomberg20160820>
{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=309484729 |title=Company Overview of Ethereum Switzerland GmbH |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2016-08-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=309484729 |archivedate=2016-08-20 |accessdate=2016-08-20 |quote= The company was founded in 2014 and is based in Baar, Switzerland. }}</ref>，之後轉移至一個非營利機構「以太坊基金會」（Ethereum Foundation）<ref name=forbes20160423/>。
 
在平臺開始發展的最初，有人稱讚以太坊的科技創新，但也有人質疑其安全和可擴展性。<ref name="Finley-27-Jan-2014"/>
 
=== 啟用：邊境 ===
以太坊的公共區塊鏈在2015年7月30日啟動<ref name=tapscott201605_p87>
{{cite book |last=Tapscott|first1=Don |last2=Tapscott|first2=Alex |title=The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World |date=May 2016 |isbn=978-0670069972 |accessdate=2016-08-31 |page=87 |quote=''July 30, 2015, ... Ethereum ... went live. ... Ethereum is like bitcoin in that its ether motivates a network of peers to validate transactions, secure the network, and achieve consensus about what exists and what has occurred. But unlike bitcoin it contains some powerful tools to help developers and others create software services ranging from decentralized games to stock exchanges. ... a more robust scripting language for developing applications.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/business/dealbook/ethereum-a-virtual-currency-enables-transactions-that-rival-bitcoins.html?_r=0 |title=Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin’s |accessdate=2016-09-02 |date=2016-03-27}}</ref>。最初的以太坊版本稱為邊境（Frontier，也有「前鋒」的意思），用的是[[工作量證明]]（proof-of-work）的演算法，但未來預期會轉換成[[权益證明]]（proof-of-stake）<ref name=tapscott201605/>{{rp|32}}。
 
===硬分叉===
自最初版本以來，以太坊網路成功進行了數次硬分叉。第一次分叉調整了未來[[挖礦]]的難度，確保未來的使用者會有轉換至权益證明的動機。目前第五個分叉正在開發中。<ref>https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/ethereum-prepares-spurious-dragon-hardfork/</ref>
 
==== 第二次分叉：家園 ====
2016年春季進行了第二次分叉，釋出了第一個穩定版本，稱作「家園」（Homestead）。
 
==== 第三次分叉：DAO和區塊鏈分叉 ====
2016年六月，以太坊上的一個[[去中心化自治組織]] [[The DAO]] 被駭，造成市值五千萬美元的以太幣被移動到只有該駭客可以控制的「分身DAO」<ref name="nythack">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/business/dealbook/hacker-may-have-removed-more-than-50-million-from-experimental-cybercurrency-project.html|title=Hacker May Have Taken $50 Million From Cybercurrency Project|date=2016-06-17|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel}}</ref><ref name="bi20160617">{{cite web|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/dao-hacked-ethereum-crashing-in-value-tens-of-millions-allegedly-stolen-2016-6|title=Digital currency Ethereum is cratering amid claims of a $50 million hack|last=Price|first=Rob|date=2016-06-17|website=Business Insider}}</ref>。因為程式不允許駭客立即提取這些以太幣，以太坊使用者有時間討論如何處理此事<ref name=Wired10160618>Klint Finley for Wired. June 18, 2016 [http://www.wired.com/2016/06/50-million-hack-just-showed-dao-human/ A $50 Million Hack Just Showed That The Dao Was All Too Human]</ref>，考慮的方案包括取回以太幣和關閉DAO，而DAO去中心化的本質也表示沒有中央權力可以立即反應，而需要使用者的共識<ref name="Wired10160618" /><ref name="bi20160617"/>。最後在2016年7月20日，以太坊進行硬分叉，作出一個向後不兼容的改變，<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/hacked-blockchain-fund-the-dao-chooses-a-hard-fork-to-redistribute-funds|title="Hard Fork" Coming to Restore Ethereum Funds to Investors of Hacked DAO|last=Peck|first=Morgan|date=2016-07-19|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|publisher=IEEE|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>讓所有的以太幣（包括被移動的）回歸原處，而不接受此改變的區塊鏈則成為[[古典以太坊]]（Ethereum Classic）<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2016/07/20/ethereum-gets-its-hard-fork-and-the-truth-gets-tested/|script-title=en:Ethereum Gets Its Hard Fork, and the ‘Truth’ Gets Tested|last=Vigna|first=Paul|date=2016-07-20|website=Moneybeat|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>。這是第一次有主流區塊鏈為了補償投資人，而透過分叉來更動交易记录<ref name=":2" />。
 
在這次分叉之後，造成了在兩個區塊鏈之間進行[[重放攻击]]的可能，加上其他網路攻擊，讓以太坊和古典以太坊又各自進行了數次分叉來避免攻擊。<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://news.bitcoin.com/ethereum-plans-hard-fork-twice/|title=Ethereum to Hard Fork Two More Times Following Recent Attacks|last=Redman|first=Jamie|date=2016-10-14|website=Bitcoin.com|publisher=Bitcoin.com|access-date=2016-11-22}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-classic-blockchain-fork-ddos-attacks/|title=The Blockchain Created By Ethereum's Fork is Forking Now|last=Hertig|first=Alyssa |date=2016-10-25|website=CoinDesk|publisher=CoinDesk|access-date=2016-11-22}}</ref>
 
==== 第四次分叉：減重和防DDoS ====
2016年11月底進行了第四次的分叉。這次分叉為區塊鏈減重（de-bloat），並加入一些避免網路攻擊的設計<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-forks-again-so-far-so-good/|title=Ethereum's Fourth Blockchain Fork: So Far, So Good|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=CoinDesk|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref>。因為溝通疏失，這次分叉短暫造成以太坊的兩個主要用戶端程序 Parity 和 Geth 失去共識而產生意外的分叉，但問題在數小時內即被找出並修正<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-in-free-fall-as-floor-beneath-it-drops|title=Ethereum In Free Fall As Floor Beneath It Drops|newspaper=CoinTelegraph|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref>。
 
== 以太幣 ==
{{Infobox Currency
| currency_name = 以太币
| date_of_introduction = 2015年7月30日
| using_countries = 全球
| inflation_title = [[货币供给]]
| inflation_rate = {{cn|无限发行}}
| subunit_ratio_1 = 1
| subunit_name_1 = 以太（Ether）
| subunit_ratio_2 = {{val|e=-3}}
| subunit_name_2 = 芬尼（finney）
| subunit_ratio_3 = {{val|e=-6}}
| subunit_name_3 = 萨博（szabo）
| subunit_ratio_4 = {{val|e=-18}}
| subunit_name_4 = 維（wei）
| symbol = [[Ξ]]<ref name="Forum">{{cite web|title=The symbol for Ether is...|date=2014-06-07|accessdate=2014-08-14|url=http://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/comment/4823/|website=Ethereum Forum}}</ref>, ETH
}}
 
以太坊區塊鏈上的代幣稱為以太幣（Ether），代碼為ETH，可在許多加密貨幣的[[外匯市場]]上交易<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afr.com/technology/bitcoin-rival-ethereums-price-skyrockets-20160211-gmrltn|title=Bitcoin rival Ethereum's price skyrockets|last=Sier|first=Jessica|date=2016-02-11|work=Australian Financial Review|accessdate=2016-02-22}}</ref>，它也是以太坊上用來支付交易手續費和運算服務的媒介<ref name="nyt20160316">Nathaniel Popper for the New York Times. March 27, 2016 [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/business/dealbook/ethereum-a-virtual-currency-enables-transactions-that-rival-bitcoins.html?_r=0 Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin’s]</ref><ref name=ibt20160120>
{{cite news |last1=Allison|first1=Ian |title=R3 connects 11 banks to distributed ledger using Ethereum and Microsoft Azure |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/r3-connects-11-banks-distributed-ledger-using-ethereum-microsoft-azure-1539044 |work=International Business Times |date=2016-01-20 |accessdate=2016-02-23 }}</ref> 。
 
以太幣對其他實體貨幣的匯率可能在短時間內大幅變化，例如 The DAO 被駭時，對美元的匯率從 $21.50 跌至 $15。<ref name="bi20160617"/>
 
Buterin 在 2016 年 4 月售出手上持有的四分之一以太幣，造成一些人質疑，而他本人則說這是理財上很合理的分散風險，並引用前比特幣開發員 Gavin Andresen 說這一切都還只是一場實驗，仍有失敗的可能。<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethereum Developer Vitalik Buterin Sold 25% Of His Coins|url=http://themerkle.com/ethereum-developer-vitalik-buterin-sold-25-of-his-coins/|first=JP|last=Buntinx|date=2016-04-23|accessdate=2016-04-27|work=The Merkle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forklog.net/vitalik-buterin-sold-a-quarter-of-his-eth-tokens/|title=Vitalik Buterin Sold a Quarter of His ETH Tokens|date=2016-04-26|accessdate=2016-04-27|work=ForkLog Magazine}}</ref>
 
== 智慧合約 ==
{{main article|智慧合約}}
以太坊最重要的技術貢獻就是[[智慧合約]]。智慧合約是儲存在區塊鏈上的程式，可以協助和驗證合約的談判和執行。以太坊的智慧合約可以數種用圖靈完備的程式語言寫成<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2015/08/01/vapor-no-more-ethereum-has-launched/|title=Vapor No More: Ethereum Has Launched|publisher=techcrunch.com|last1=Jon|first1=Evans|accessdate=2016-02-25}}</ref>。[[紐約時報]]稱以太坊平臺是一台由眾多使用者構成的網路來運轉的公用電腦，並用以太幣來分配和支付這台電腦的使用權<ref name="nyt20160316" />。[[經濟學人]]則說明智慧合約可以讓眾多組織的資料庫得以用低廉的成本互動，並且讓使用者寫下精密的合約，功能之一是產生去中心化自治組織，也就是一間只是由以太坊合約構成的虛擬公司。<ref name=theEconomist20151031>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21677228-technology-behind-bitcoin-lets-people-who-do-not-know-or-trust-each-other-build-dependable|title=The great chain of being sure about things|date=2015-10-31|work=The Economist|access-date=2016-05-04 |quote=''All sorts of companies and public bodies suffer from hard-to-maintain and often incompatible databases and the high transaction costs of getting them to talk to each other. This is the problem Ethereum, arguably the most ambitious distributed-ledger project, wants to solve. ... Ethereum’s distributed ledger can deal with more data than bitcoin’s can. And it comes with a programming language that allows users to write more sophisticated smart contracts, [that among other things] allow the formation of "decentralised autonomous organisations"—virtual companies that are basically just sets of rules running on Ethereum’s blockchain.'' }}</ref>
 
因為合約內容公開，合約可以證明其宣稱的功能是真實的，例如虛擬賭場可以證明它是公平的<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piasecki|first=Piotr J.|year=2016|title=Gaming Self-Contained Provably Fair Smart Contract Casinos|url=http://www.ledgerjournal.org/ojs/index.php/ledger/article/view/29|journal=Ledger|volume=1|pages=99-110|doi=10.5195/ledger.2016.29}}</ref>。另一方面，合約的公開性也表示如果合約中有[[漏洞]]，任何人都可以立刻看到，而修正程式可能會需要一些時間<ref name="Peck20160528">{{cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/ethereums-150-million-dollar-dao-opens-for-business-just-as-researchers-call-for-a-moratorium|title=Ethereum’s $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt|first=M.|last=Peck|date=2016-05-28|work=IEEE Spectrum|publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]}}</ref>。The DAO 就是一個例子，無法即時阻止<ref name="nythack" />。
 
智慧合約的許多細節仍在研究中，包括如何驗證合約的功能。[[微軟研究院]]的報告指出要寫出完善的合約可能非常困難，討論了微軟開發的一些可以用來驗證合約的工具，並提到如果大規模分析各個已發佈的合約，可能發現找出大量的漏洞。報告也說可以證明Solidity程式和以太虛擬機編碼的等同性。<ref>{{cite web|title=Short Paper: Formal Verification of Smart Contracts|url=http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/nswamy/papers/solidether.pdf|website=microsoft.com/|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=2016-08-25}}</ref>
 
=== 程式語言 ===
{{main article|Solidity}}
Gavin Wood寫的《以太坊黃皮書》中定義了以太虛擬機的運作流程<ref>[http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf Ethereum Yellow Paper] by Gavin Wood</ref>。智慧合約可以專門為此開發的Solidity程式語言寫成，或是[[Python]]的一個變體Serpent<ref name="cptocoinnewsbrave">{{cite web|url=https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/ethereums-brave-new-world/
|title=Ethereum’s Brave New World|last=Rauhauser|first=Neal|date=2014-11-12|website=Cryptocoinnews.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-12|work=}}</ref>，或是LLL<ref name=browning2016>{{cite book |last=Browning|first1=David|url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=2zMlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35&dq=solidity+blockchain&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=solidity%20blockchain&f=false |title=Digital Siege: Why Young Entrepreneurs Are Winning Paperback |date=May 2016 |isbn=978-1628652963 |accessdate=2017-01-08 }}</ref>。以太虛擬機也可以在Mutan上運行<ref name="ethereum-languages">{{cite web|title=Ethereum High Level Languages|url=http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/contracts-and-transactions/contracts.html|website=Ethdocs.org|accessdate=2016-09-12}}</ref>。智慧合約之後會編譯成[[位元組碼]]，然後發佈在以太坊區塊鏈上<ref name=browning2016/><ref name="CoinDesk1">{{cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-bug-sends-smart-contracts-back-drawing-board/
|title=Ethereum Bug Sends Smart Contracts Back to the Drawing Board|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=2016-11-02|website=CoinDesk.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-12|work=}}</ref>。
 
=== 運行效率 ===
將所有合約存在區塊鏈上每個結點的作法有好有壞<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/how-are-banks-actually-going-use-blockchains-smart-contracts-1539789|title=How are banks actually going to use blockchains and smart contracts?|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=2016-01-25|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=2016-05-04}}</ref>。主要的缺點是所有的結點都同時要運算所有的合約，因此速度較慢<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/>。開發人員正研究將[[資料切分]]（Sharding）的技術套用至以太坊<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/>。2016年9月 Buterin 發表了改善可擴展性的企畫<ref>http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-creator-vitalik-buterin-scaling-devcon2/</ref>。截至2016年1月，以太坊每秒可以處理25個交易<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/>。
 
== 實作 ==
智慧合約的潛在應用很多。彭博社商業週刊稱它是「所有人共享但無法篡改的軟體」<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-25/this-is-your-company-on-blockchain|title=This Is Your Company on Blockchain|last=|first=|date=|website=Bloomberg Businessweek|publisher=|access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref>。更高階的軟體有可能用以太坊建立網路商店<ref name=forbes20160423/>。
 
=== 區塊鏈程式 ===
<!-- 注意：依維基百科方針，需有獨立第三方報導的應用才能列入-->
以太坊可以用來建立去中心化的程式、自治組織和智慧合約，據紐約時報的報導，在2016年5月已經有數十個可用的程式<ref name=nyt20160316/><ref name=ibt20160120/>。預期的應用目標涵蓋金融、[[物聯網]]、[[農田到餐桌]]（farm-to-table）、[[智慧電網]]、[[體育賭博]]等<ref name=nyt20160316/>。去中心化自治組織有潛力讓許多原本無法執行或成本過高的營運模型成為可能<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cointelegraph.com/news/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-ethereum-sparks-up-googles-of-tomorrow|title=Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: Ethereum Sparks Up Googles of Tomorrow|last=Bordet|first=Julián|date=2016-03-21|website=The Cointelegraph|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-21}}</ref>。目前較知名的應用有：
* 遊戲：[[CryptoKitties]]讓玩家繁殖及交易虛擬貓<ref>{{cite news|title=不想挖礦 就來養貓 虛擬貓 1隻炒到350萬|publisher=自由時報|url=http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/weeklybiz/paper/1160984|date=2017-12-18|author=王惠慧|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>。
*類[[龐氏騙局]]的賭局遊戲:[[Fomo 3D]]，不同於傳統的龐氏騙局，最後一位加入賭局中的人可獲得總資金盤中的48%<ref>{{cite web|title = 以太幣(ETH)Dapp-FOMO 3D遊戲介紹(F3D)|date =2018-07-25 |publisher = FOMO Lin}}</ref>
* [[遊戲道具|虛擬寶物]]交易平臺：FreeMyVunk<ref>{{cite web|title=Game-changers FreeMyVunk and Digix allow video gamers to trade virtual assets for physical gold|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/game-changers-freemyvunk-digix-allow-video-gamers-trade-virtual-assets-physical-gold-1534436|last=Allison|first=Ian|website=International Business Times|date=2015-12-22|accessdate=2016-03-24}}</ref>。
* 去中心化創業投資：The DAO用以太幣資金創立，目標是為商企業和非營利機構建立新的去中心化營業模式<ref name="sut2016051">{{cite news |last=Rennie|first=Ellie |url=http://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2016/05/the-radical-dao-experiment.php |title=The radical DAO experiment |work=Swinburne News |publisher=Swinburne University of Technology |date=2016-05-12 |accessdate=2016-05-12 |quote=''When it reaches the end of the funding phase on May 28, it will begin contracting blockchain-based start-ups to create innovative technologies. The extraordinary thing about The DAO is that no single entity owns it, and it has no conventional management structure or board of directors.'' }}</ref><ref name="ibt20160430">{{cite news |last=Allison|first=Ian |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethereum-reinvents-companies-launch-dao-1557576 |title=Ethereum reinvents companies with launch of The DAO |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=2016-04-30 |accessdate=2016-05-01 }}</ref><ref name="wsj20160516">{{cite news |last=Vigna|first=Paul |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/chiefless-company-rakes-in-more-than-100-million-1463399393 |title=Chiefless Company Rakes In More Than $100 Million |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2016-05-16 |accessdate=2016-05-16 }}</ref><ref name="nyt20160316">Nathaniel Popper for the New York Times. March 27, 2016 [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/business/dealbook/ethereum-a-virtual-currency-enables-transactions-that-rival-bitcoins.html?_r=0 Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin’s]</ref><ref name="ibt20160430" />、The Rudimental讓獨立藝術家在區塊鏈上進行群眾募資<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Troy Murray, CEO of The Rudimental|url=http://sebfor.com/interview-with-troy-murray-ceo-of-the-rudimental/|author=Parker|publisher=Sebfor.com|date=2016-02-11|accessdate=2016-03-24}}</ref>。
* 社會經濟平臺：Backfeed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geektime.com/2015/08/19/backfeed-wants-to-decentralize-the-internet-and-help-you-earn-what-you-deserve/|title=Backfeed wants to decentralize the Internet and help you earn what you deserve|first=Simona |last=Weinglass|publisher=Geektime.com|date=2015-08-19|accessdate=2016-03-24}}</ref>。
* 去中心化預測市場：[[Augur]]<ref>{{cite news|title=From fine wine to lotteries: Blockchain tech takes off|author=Mark Smith|date=2016-03-29|access-date=2017-01-10|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-35890616}}</ref>。
* [[物聯網]]：Ethcore（一間以太坊公司）研發的客戶端<ref>{{cite web|script-title=en:Ethcore Announces Pre-release Of Its Blockchain Technology Suite ‘Parity’|url=http://www.econotimes.com/Ethcore-Announces-Pre-release-Of-Its-Blockchain-Technology-Suite-Parity-159339|website=EconoTimes|accessdate=2016-03-24|date=2016-02-11}}</ref>、Chronicled（一間區塊鏈公司）發表了以太坊區塊鏈的實物資產驗證平臺；晶片公司、物理IP創建者和生產者可以用植入的[[藍牙]]或[[近場通訊]]進行驗證<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/chronicled-introduces-new-ethereum-powered-iot-open-registry-cm670401|title=Chronicled Introduces New Ethereum-Powered IoT Open Registry|last=Young|first=Joseph|date=|work=|publisher=Nasdaq|access-date=|via=}}</ref>。Slock.It開發的智慧鎖可以在付費後自動開啟，讓使用者在付費後可以幫電動車充電、或是打開租屋的房門<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethereum-based-slock-reveals-first-ever-lock-opened-money-1527014|title=Ethereum-based Slock.it reveals first ever lock opened with money|last=Allison|first=Ian|work=International Business Times UK}}</ref>。
* 版權授權：Ujo Music平臺讓創作人用智慧合約發佈音樂，消費者可以直接付費給創作人。[[伊莫珍·希普]]用此平臺發布了一首單曲<ref name="Allison-4-Oct-2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/imogen-heap-shows-how-music-smart-contracts-work-using-ethereum-1522331|title=Imogen Heap shows how smart music contracts work using Ethereum|last=Allison|first=Ian|website=International Business Times|date=2015-10-04|accessdate=2016-03-24}}</ref>。
* 智慧電網：TransActive Grid讓使用者可以和鄰居買賣能源<ref>{{cite web|last=Rutkin|first=Aviva|title=Blockchain-based microgrid gives power to consumers in New York|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2079334-blockchain-based-microgrid-gives-power-to-consumers-in-new-york/|website=New Scientist|date=2016-03-02 |accessdate=2016-03-24 }}</ref>。
* 去中心化[[期權]]市場：Etheropt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsbtc.com/2016/03/30/decentralized-options-exchange-etheropt-uses-automated-ethereum-smart-contract/#ether|title=Decentralized Options Exchange Etheropt Uses Automated Ethereum Smart Contract}}</ref>。
* 釘住匯率的代幣：DigixDAO提供與黃金掛鈎的代幣，在2016年四月正式營運<ref name="forbes20160423" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithandcrown.com/slock-it-and-digixdao-token-sales-launch-on-gatecoin/ |title=DigixDAO Token Trading to Launch on Gatecoin |publisher=Smith+Crown |date=2016-04-27 |accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=JP |last=Buntinx |url=http://themerkle.com/digixdao-dgd-assets-to-be-listed-on-openledger/ |title=DigixDAO DGD Assets To Be Listed on OpenLedger |publisher=The Merkle |date=2016-04-28 |accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref>。Decentralized Capital提供和各種貨幣掛鈎的代幣<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/decentralized-capital-issuing-fiat-backed-digital-assets-ethereum-blockchain-1580763|title=Decentralized Capital issuing fiat-backed digital assets on the Ethereum blockchain|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=2016-09-12|website=International Business Times|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>。
* [[行動支付]]：Everex讓[[外勞]]匯款回家鄉<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/education-center-2/everex-helps-migrant-workers-send-remittance-back-myanmar-via-ethereum/|title=Everex Helps Migrant Workers Send Remittance Back to Myanmar via Ethereum|last=Mizrahi|first=Avi|date=2016-12-01|website=Finance Magnates|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>。
 
=== 客戶端軟體 ===
以太坊的2個主要的客戶端軟體是[[Geth (软件)|Geth]]和[[Parity]]，以及PC端交易所Bitrue。
 
==== 企業軟體 ====
企業軟體公司也正測試用以太坊作為各種用途。已知有興趣的公司包括[[微軟]]、[[IBM]]、[[摩根大通]]<ref name="nyt20160316" />。
 
* [[德勤]]和[[ConsenSys]]在2016年宣佈成立數位銀行Project ConsenSys<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/deloitte-build-ethereum-based-digital-bank-new-york-citys-consensys-1557864|title=Deloitte to build Ethereum-based 'digital bank' with New York City's ConsenSys|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=2016-05-03|work=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>。
* [[R3]]公司在Microsoft Azure上執行私人以太坊區塊鏈，將11間銀行連接至一本分散式帳薄（distributed ledger）<ref name=ibt20160120/>。
* [[Microsoft Visual Studio]]提供程式開發者使用Solidity程式語言<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rethink-iot.com/2016/04/01/hyperledger-blockchain-code-almost-comes-together-for-iot/ |title=Hyperledger blockchain code almost comes together for IoT |publisher=Rethink Research|accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref>。
*英國政府中負責推動創新的機構[[Innovate UK]]提供了近25萬英鎊給Tramonex用以太坊發展跨國支付系統<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/uk-government-awards-250000-develop-cross-border-blockchain-prototype/|title=UK Government Awards £248k for Ethereum Prototype|work=CoinDesk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/projects?ref=720735|title=Settlement using blockchain to Automate Foreign Exchange in a Regulated environment (SAFER)|work=Innovate UK}}</ref>。
 
=== 認許制記帳 ===
目前有許多方案正在研究使用以太坊建立認許制的區塊鏈。
* [[摩根大通]]打算用以太坊上建立一個私人區塊鏈「Quorum」。其功能是洗亂衍生性金融產品及其交易紀錄來保護交易者的隱私，但同時符合金融管制單位在資訊公開上的要求，以期在保障隱私和資訊公開之間找到平衡。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/10/04/jp-morgan-chase-blockchain-ethereum-quorum/|title=Why J.P. Morgan Chase Is Building a Blockchain on Ethereum|last=Hacket|first=Robert|date=|website=Fortune|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[蘇格蘭皇家銀行]]用以太坊的分散式記帳和智慧合約平臺建立了一個結算交割機制（Clearing and Settlement Mechanism, CSM），可以達成每秒100筆交易、模擬六間銀行，平均每個trip在3到8秒間完成，這些數值用在於全國的支付系統是可接受的<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://emerald-platform.gitlab.io/static/emeraldTechnicalPaper.pdf|title=Proving Ethereum for the Clearing Use Case|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>。
 
== 採用 ==
2016年五月，紐約時報指出以太坊的採用仍在初期階段，並可能遇到讓成長率減緩的技術或法律問題。許多比特幣支持者認為以太坊比比特幣複雜，所以可能需要面對更多的安全問題。報導也指出這個系統複雜到熟知這個系統的人也很難用普通人的語言來描述它。<ref name="nyt20160316"/>
 
微軟和 ConsenSys（一間以太坊公司）合作，在 [[Microsoft Azure]]（一個雲端服務平臺）上提供第三方開發的區塊鏈工具，包括交易股票和跨境支付等用途。<ref name="Vigna-28-Oct-2015"/>
 
[[盧森堡交易所]]在2016年10月開始提供用以太坊產生的[[數位簽章]]來證明文件的真實性<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bourse.lu/blockchain-press-release|title=Luxembourg Stock Exchange introduces blockchain into reporting service|last=|first=|date=2016-10-18|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104211048/https://www.bourse.lu/blockchain-press-release|archivedate=2016-11-04}}</ref>。
 
[[新加坡金融管理局]]使用以太坊將[[新加坡元]]數位化。<ref>{{cite news|title=新加坡试验在以太坊区块链上发行数字货币|author=1042|publisher=火币网|date=2017-06-09|access-date=2017-06-09|url=http://news.fx168.com/opinion/forex/1706/2281548.shtml}}</ref>
 
== 古典以太坊 ==
2016年6月，在第三次硬分叉時，拒絕修改交易紀錄的區塊鏈分支成了「[[古典以太坊]]」（Ethereum Classic）。在分叉以前就持有以太幣的人會同時持有以太幣和古典以太幣（Classic Ether, ETC），存在交易所或線上錢包中的以太幣也不例外。這些線上服務大多選擇只支持其中一種以太幣，並讓使用者領回另一種以太幣<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coinidol.com/ethereum-classic-war-at-the-cryptocurrency-exchanges/|title=Ethereum Classic Brings War To The Cryptocurrency Exchanges|first=Daniel|last=Dabek|work=CoinIdol|date=2016-07-29|accessdate=2016-07-29}}</ref>。截至2016年8月，兩種以太幣都可以在匯市上交易<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2016/08/01/the-great-digital-currency-debate-new-ethereum-vs-ethereum-classic/|script-title=en:The Great Digital-Currency Debate: ‘New’ Ethereum Vs. Ethereum ‘Classic’|first=Paul|last=Vigna|work=The Wall Street Journal: Moneybeat|date=2016-08-01|accessdate=2016-08-04}}</ref>。
 
之後古典以太坊在2016年10月進行了硬分叉，調整以太虛擬機的一些[[操作碼]]（op code），以提高濫發[[垃圾訊息]]或進行[[阻斷服務攻擊]]的成本。當時以太坊和古典以太坊都已遭受了一個月的阻斷服務攻擊。<ref>[https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/ethereum-classic-hardforks-successfully/ https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/ethereum-classic-hardforks-successfully/]</ref>
 
== 匯率 ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |ETH當前的匯率
|-
|[https://coingecko.com/zh-tw CoinGecko]
|[https://www.coingecko.com/zh-tw/匯率圖/以太幣/twd TWD]
|[https://www.coingecko.com/zh-tw/匯率圖/以太幣/usd USD]
|}
 
== 参考资料 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==参见==
*[[加密电子货币列表]]
== 外部链接 ==
* {{Official website|https://www.ethereum.org/}}
* [http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf 以太坊黄皮书]{{英文}} - 加文·伍德
* [https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/%5B%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%5D-%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA%E5%9D%8A%E7%99%BD%E7%9A%AE%E4%B9%A6 以太坊白皮书]{{中文}}
* [http://www.ethereumclassic.org/ 古典以太坊]
 
{{Cryptocurrencies}}
 
[[Category:跨平台軟體]]
[[Category:密碼貨幣]]
取自“https://www.zaoniao.it/Special:MobileDiff/42”